{
  "schema_version": 1,
  "reviewed_at": "2026-10-03",
  "description": "Selected Earth impacts and airbursts. Estimates are source-specific, not a complete size ranking. Numeric sort values use lower endpoints/bounds. Recent ages are rounded relative to 2026; dates are authoritative display values. Null means not catalogued, not zero. Expanded entries preserve the NASA-hosted EID reference-table estimates, including reported uncertainty; these are not asserted to be the latest research values. Ma means million years ago. Country flags indicate present-day locations.",
  "records": [
    {
      "id": "chelyabinsk",
      "name": "Chelyabinsk",
      "location": "Russia",
      "type": "airburst",
      "date": "15 Feb 2013",
      "age_years": 13,
      "impactor_label": "17–20 m",
      "impactor_sort_m": 17,
      "crater_sort_km": null,
      "crater_label": "No main impact crater",
      "note": "Atmospheric explosion; fragments reached the ground.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA / JPL",
          "url": "https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.html"
        }
      ],
      "country_code": "ru"
    },
    {
      "id": "tunguska",
      "name": "Tunguska",
      "location": "Siberia, Russia",
      "type": "airburst",
      "date": "30 Jun 1908",
      "age_years": 118,
      "impactor_label": "50–80 m",
      "impactor_sort_m": 50,
      "crater_sort_km": null,
      "crater_label": "No impact crater",
      "note": "Model range for a stony asteroid; size depends on composition and entry assumptions.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA / JPL",
          "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20190002302"
        },
        {
          "label": "NASA / JPL",
          "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/history/115-years-ago-the-tunguska-asteroid-impact-event/"
        }
      ],
      "country_code": "ru"
    },
    {
      "id": "barringer",
      "name": "Meteor Crater (Barringer)",
      "location": "Arizona, USA",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "~50,000 years ago",
      "age_years": 50000,
      "impactor_label": "30–50 m",
      "impactor_sort_m": 30,
      "crater_sort_km": 1.2,
      "crater_label": ">1.2 km",
      "note": "Iron–nickel impactor; a well-preserved terrestrial impact site.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "ESA",
          "url": "https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2024/06/Earth_from_Space_Meteor_Crater"
        }
      ],
      "country_code": "us"
    },
    {
      "id": "bosumtwi",
      "name": "Bosumtwi",
      "location": "Ghana",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "~1 million years ago",
      "age_years": 1000000,
      "impactor_label": "~1 km",
      "impactor_sort_m": 1000,
      "crater_sort_km": null,
      "crater_label": "Not catalogued",
      "note": "The impact basin now contains Lake Bosumtwi. Source size is approximate.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA / JPL",
          "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/an-explosive-beginning-for-lake-bosumtwi-154739/"
        }
      ],
      "country_code": "gh"
    },
    {
      "id": "popigai",
      "name": "Popigai",
      "location": "Siberia, Russia",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "~36 million years ago",
      "age_years": 36000000,
      "impactor_label": "5–8 km",
      "impactor_sort_m": 5000,
      "crater_sort_km": 100,
      "crater_label": "~100 km",
      "note": "Large, comparatively well-preserved impact structure; shock produced diamonds.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA / JPL",
          "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/russias-crater-of-diamonds-148403/"
        }
      ],
      "country_code": "ru"
    },
    {
      "id": "chicxulub",
      "name": "Chicxulub",
      "location": "Yucatán, Mexico",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "~66 million years ago",
      "age_years": 66000000,
      "impactor_label": "~10–14 km",
      "impactor_sort_m": 10000,
      "crater_sort_km": 180,
      "crater_label": "~180 km",
      "note": "Linked to the mass extinction that ended the non-avian dinosaurs. Size range reflects published estimates.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA / JPL",
          "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/more-evidence-points-to-impact-as-dinosaur-killer/"
        },
        {
          "label": "NASA / JPL",
          "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/sediment-swirls-off-the-yucatan-149114/"
        }
      ],
      "country_code": "mx"
    },
    {
      "id": "gosses-bluff",
      "name": "Gosses Bluff / Tnorala",
      "location": "Northern Territory, Australia",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "~142 million years ago",
      "age_years": 142000000,
      "impactor_label": "~1 km",
      "impactor_sort_m": 1000,
      "crater_sort_km": null,
      "crater_label": "Not catalogued",
      "note": "Asteroid or comet. The visible 4.5 km ring is the central uplift, not the original crater diameter.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA / JPL",
          "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/gosses-bluff-impact-crater-northern-territory-australia-3548/"
        }
      ],
      "country_code": "au"
    },
    {
      "id": "manicouagan",
      "name": "Manicouagan",
      "location": "Québec, Canada",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "~215 million years ago",
      "age_years": 215000000,
      "impactor_label": "~5 km",
      "impactor_sort_m": 5000,
      "crater_sort_km": 100,
      "crater_label": "~100 km",
      "note": "Ancient impact structure now marked by an annular reservoir. Rounded estimates from NASA.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA / JPL",
          "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/asteroid-day-and-impact-craters/"
        }
      ],
      "country_code": "ca"
    },
    {
      "id": "sudbury",
      "name": "Sudbury",
      "location": "Ontario, Canada",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "~1.8 billion years ago",
      "age_years": 1800000000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 200,
      "crater_label": "≥200 km originally",
      "note": "Later geological deformation changed the original crater. Projectile size left unspecified.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA / JPL",
          "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/sudbury-impact-structure-148844/"
        }
      ],
      "country_code": "ca"
    },
    {
      "id": "vredefort",
      "name": "Vredefort",
      "location": "South Africa",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "~2 billion years ago",
      "age_years": 2000000000,
      "impactor_label": "≥10 km",
      "impactor_sort_m": 10000,
      "crater_sort_km": null,
      "crater_label": "Not catalogued",
      "note": "Ancient, deeply eroded impact structure. NASA source gives a lower bound for the impactor.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA / JPL",
          "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/vredefort-crater-92689/"
        }
      ],
      "country_code": "za"
    },
    {
      "id": "acraman",
      "name": "Acraman",
      "location": "Australia",
      "country_code": "au",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "~590 million years ago",
      "age_years": 590000000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 90,
      "crater_label": "90 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "~590 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "araguainha",
      "name": "Araguainha",
      "location": "Brazil",
      "country_code": "br",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "254.7 ± 2.5 million years ago",
      "age_years": 254700000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 40,
      "crater_label": "40 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "254.7 ± 2.5 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "ames",
      "name": "Ames",
      "location": "USA",
      "country_code": "us",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "470 ± 30 million years ago",
      "age_years": 470000000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 16,
      "crater_label": "16 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "470 ± 30 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "carswell",
      "name": "Carswell",
      "location": "Canada",
      "country_code": "ca",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "115 ± 10 million years ago",
      "age_years": 115000000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 39,
      "crater_label": "39 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "115 ± 10 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "charlevoix",
      "name": "Charlevoix",
      "location": "Canada",
      "country_code": "ca",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "342 ± 15 million years ago",
      "age_years": 342000000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 54,
      "crater_label": "54 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "342 ± 15 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "deep-bay",
      "name": "Deep Bay",
      "location": "Canada",
      "country_code": "ca",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "99 ± 4 million years ago",
      "age_years": 99000000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 13,
      "crater_label": "13 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "99 ± 4 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "dellen",
      "name": "Dellen",
      "location": "Sweden",
      "country_code": "se",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "89 ± 2.7 million years ago",
      "age_years": 89000000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 19,
      "crater_label": "19 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "89.0 ± 2.7 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "gardnos",
      "name": "Gardnos",
      "location": "Norway",
      "country_code": "no",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "500 ± 10 million years ago",
      "age_years": 500000000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 5,
      "crater_label": "5 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "500 ± 10 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "henbury",
      "name": "Henbury",
      "location": "Australia",
      "country_code": "au",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "4,200 ± 1,900 years ago",
      "age_years": 4200,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 0.157,
      "crater_label": "0.157 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "0.0042 ± 0.0019 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "kara",
      "name": "Kara",
      "location": "Russia",
      "country_code": "ru",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "70.3 ± 2.2 million years ago",
      "age_years": 70300000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 65,
      "crater_label": "65 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "70.3 ± 2.2 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "lockne",
      "name": "Lockne",
      "location": "Sweden",
      "country_code": "se",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "455 million years ago",
      "age_years": 455000000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 7.5,
      "crater_label": "7.5 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "455 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "mistastin",
      "name": "Mistastin",
      "location": "Canada",
      "country_code": "ca",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "36.4 ± 4 million years ago",
      "age_years": 36400000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 28,
      "crater_label": "28 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "36.4 ± 4 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "montagnais",
      "name": "Montagnais",
      "location": "Canada",
      "country_code": "ca",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "50.5 ± 0.76 million years ago",
      "age_years": 50500000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 45,
      "crater_label": "45 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "50.50 ± 0.76 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "morokweng",
      "name": "Morokweng",
      "location": "South Africa",
      "country_code": "za",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "145 ± 0.8 million years ago",
      "age_years": 145000000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 70,
      "crater_label": "70 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "145.0 ± 0.8 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "rochechouart",
      "name": "Rochechouart",
      "location": "France",
      "country_code": "fr",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "201 ± 2 million years ago",
      "age_years": 201000000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 23,
      "crater_label": "23 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "201 ± 2 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "roter-kamm",
      "name": "Roter Kamm",
      "location": "Namibia",
      "country_code": "na",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "3.7 ± 0.3 million years ago",
      "age_years": 3700000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 2.5,
      "crater_label": "2.5 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "3.7 ± 0.3 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "siljan",
      "name": "Siljan",
      "location": "Sweden",
      "country_code": "se",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "376.8 ± 1.7 million years ago",
      "age_years": 376800000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 52,
      "crater_label": "52 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "376.8 ± 1.7 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "tookoonooka",
      "name": "Tookoonooka",
      "location": "Australia",
      "country_code": "au",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "128 ± 5 million years ago",
      "age_years": 128000000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 55,
      "crater_label": "55 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "128 ± 5 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "tswaing",
      "name": "Tswaing",
      "location": "South Africa",
      "country_code": "za",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "220,000 ± 52,000 years ago",
      "age_years": 220000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 1.13,
      "crater_label": "1.13 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "0.220 ± 0.052 Ma"
    },
    {
      "id": "zhamanshin",
      "name": "Zhamanshin",
      "location": "Kazakhstan",
      "country_code": "kz",
      "type": "impact",
      "date": "900,000 ± 100,000 years ago",
      "age_years": 900000,
      "impactor_label": "Not catalogued",
      "impactor_sort_m": null,
      "crater_sort_km": 14,
      "crater_label": "14 km",
      "note": "Reference-table values; later studies may revise age or structure diameter. Impactor size is not supplied by this source.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "NASA ARES · EID reference table",
          "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/engagement/activities/resources/rocks-soils-and-surfaces/earth-impact-database.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "source_age_label": "0.9 ± 0.1 Ma"
    }
  ]
}